![]() ![]() This activity will provide a summary of the molecular structures and resulting physiologic functions of the four primary groups of GAGs. The four primary groups of GAGs are classified based on their core disaccharide units and include heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. Some of these processes include regulation of cell growth and proliferation, promotion of cell adhesion, anticoagulation, and wound repair, among many more. However, evidence now suggests that GAGs play a key role in cell signaling, which serves to modulate a vast amount of biochemical processes. Historically, the function of GAGs was thought to be limited to cell hydration and structural scaffolding. Their functions within the body are widespread and determined by their molecular structure. They are composed of repeating disaccharide units that are present in every mammalian tissue. ![]() Oxygen is not a solution.Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are negatively-charged polysaccharide compounds. No, oxygen is just one chemical substance. Yes, the air we breathe is a solution made up of elements on the periodic table, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and Argon. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures, so they appear to be one substance to the naked eye. Solvents and solutes are the two parts of a solution. See how you did by checking your work against our answers below. Review what you know by answering these questions.Īre solutions homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures? The air we breathe exists in roughly these proportions, and because it is a solution, every sample will nearly match every other sample:Ġ.4% carbon dioxide ( C O 2 C H 2 O 2 įrequently asked questions about solutions Examples of solutionsĪir is an example of a gaseous solution (gas/gas). Solution examplesĮxamples of solutions include air, sugar water, steel, saltwater, pancake syrup, and natural gas. The bubbles of gas escaping the solution give the soda its welcome fizz. On the other hand, merely opening a bottle of carbonated beverage like soda will separate the carbon dioxide gas, a solute, from the sugar water, the solvent. Solutions can be separated into their solutes and solvents, which can be very difficult, time-consuming, or expensive to do. This, in addition to the lack of chemical bonding, differentiates solutions from compounds. Any solute to a solvent that has reached its saturation point or limit of solubility creates a supersaturated solution.īecause the exact proportions of solute and solvent can vary in a solution, no solution can be written as a chemical formula. When the solvent cannot dissolve all of the solute, you might find bits of solute at the bottom of the container.Ī solution at less than the limit of solubility is unsaturated. In this example, you would refer to water as the solvent.Ī solution with water as the solvent is called an aqueous solution.Ī saturated solution is a solution where the solvent has reached its limit of solubility. In this case, the solvent is often determined to be the compound that is most commonly used as the solvent in other solutions. It is possible to have a solution where the solvent and solute exist in equal amounts, such as a solution of 50% ethanol and 50% water. The amount of solute that the solvent can handle is called the limit of solubility. To form a solution, solutes dissolve into solvents until the solvent can accept no more solute under normal conditions. Solutions can be saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated. Solutions are stable at a given temperature. Solute particles cannot be separated by filtration. Solutions are mixtures of a solvent and various solutes. Since we typically deal with three different phases of matter at normal conditions (solids, liquids, and gases), we can have six combinations of these states of matter in forming solutions:Ī hallmark characteristic of a solution is that any sample will be virtually identical to any other sample because the substances are so thoroughly mixed.įor example, sampling a water and isopropyl alcohol solution will always give the same proportions of the two substances. All solutions are described or characterized by the state of matter of their solvent, not their solutes. Solutions can be any combination of solids, liquids, and gases. The larger amount in a solution is called the solvent, and substances in lesser amounts are solutes. A solution is made up of a solvent and a solute. ![]()
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